/* ==========================================================================
   Lumen journal — main stylesheet
   No external fonts or frameworks: fast everywhere, including behind
   firewalls that block common CDNs.
   ========================================================================== */

:root {
  --ink: #111;
  --ink-2: #333;
  --muted: #666;
  --line: #e2e2e2;
  --line-2: #c9c9c9;
  --bg: #fff;
  --bg-soft: #f5f4f0;
  --bg-dark: #121212;
  --accent: #c4122f;
  --accent-dark: #9c0d24;
  --link: #0a5aa5;
  --oa: #c95f00;
  --good: #1f7a3f;
  --warn: #9a6500;
  --bad: #b3261e;
  --info: #0a5aa5;
  --progress: #5b3fa8;

  /* Latin glyphs come from the serif faces; Chinese falls back to a clean CJK face
     (bold SimSun renders poorly on Windows, so YaHei is preferred there). */
  --serif: Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", "Noto Serif SC", "Source Han Serif SC", "Songti SC",
    "Microsoft YaHei", serif;
  --sans: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "PingFang SC",
    "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif;
  --mono: ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", monospace;

  --wrap: 1280px;
  --gutter: 24px;
  --radius: 3px;
}

/* --- Base ----------------------------------------------------------------- */

*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; }
html { -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; scroll-padding-top: 16px; }
body {
  margin: 0;
  font: 16px/1.5 var(--sans);
  color: var(--ink);
  background: var(--bg);
  text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
}
img, svg { max-width: 100%; }
img { display: block; height: auto; }
a { color: var(--link); text-decoration: none; }
a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
h1, h2, h3, h4 { font-family: var(--serif); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0 0 .5em; color: var(--ink); }
h1 { font-size: 2.5rem; letter-spacing: -.01em; }
h2 { font-size: 1.6rem; }
h3 { font-size: 1.2rem; }
p { margin: 0 0 1em; }
code { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: .9em; background: var(--bg-soft); padding: 1px 5px; border-radius: 2px; }
hr { border: 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); margin: 32px 0; }
main { display: block; outline: none; min-height: 50vh; }
:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--link); outline-offset: 2px; }

.wrap { max-width: var(--wrap); margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 var(--gutter); }
.visually-hidden {
  position: absolute !important; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden;
  clip: rect(0 0 0 0); white-space: nowrap; border: 0; padding: 0; margin: -1px;
}
.skip-link { position: absolute; left: 8px; top: -60px; background: #000; color: #fff; padding: 8px 14px; z-index: 100; }
.skip-link:focus { top: 8px; }
.muted { color: var(--muted); }
.small { font-size: .875rem; }
.row { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px; align-items: center; }
.icon { flex: none; vertical-align: middle; }
.inline-form { display: inline; margin: 0; }
.mt { margin-top: 24px; }
.eyebrow {
  font: 700 .75rem/1.4 var(--sans); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .1em;
  color: var(--accent); margin: 0 0 8px;
}
.lede { font: 1.2rem/1.5 var(--serif); color: var(--ink-2); max-width: 760px; }

/* --- Buttons --------------------------------------------------------------- */

.btn {
  display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 8px;
  padding: 10px 18px; font: 600 .9375rem/1.2 var(--sans);
  background: #000; color: #fff; border: 1px solid #000; border-radius: var(--radius);
  cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;
  transition: background-color .15s, color .15s, border-color .15s;
}
.btn:hover { background: #333; border-color: #333; text-decoration: none; }
.btn-outline { background: #fff; color: #000; }
.btn-outline:hover { background: #000; color: #fff; }
.btn-outline.is-on { background: var(--bg-soft); border-color: #000; }
.btn-accent { background: var(--accent); border-color: var(--accent); }
.btn-accent:hover { background: var(--accent-dark); border-color: var(--accent-dark); }
.btn-danger { background: #fff; color: var(--bad); border-color: var(--bad); }
.btn-danger:hover { background: var(--bad); color: #fff; border-color: var(--bad); }
.btn-light { background: #fff; color: #000; border-color: #fff; }
.btn-light:hover { background: #e8e8e8; border-color: #e8e8e8; }
.btn-ghost-light { background: transparent; color: #fff; border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6); }
.btn-ghost-light:hover { background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .12); border-color: #fff; }
.btn-sm { padding: 6px 12px; font-size: .8125rem; }
.btn-block { display: flex; width: 100%; }
.linklike {
  background: none; border: 0; padding: 0; color: inherit; font: inherit; cursor: pointer;
  text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 2px;
}
.icon-btn { background: none; border: 0; padding: 6px; cursor: pointer; color: var(--ink); border-radius: 50%; }
.icon-btn:hover { background: var(--bg-soft); }

/* --- Header ---------------------------------------------------------------- */

.topbar { background: #000; color: #fff; font-size: .8125rem; }
.topbar-inner { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; min-height: 36px; gap: 16px; }
.topbar-publisher { opacity: .75; letter-spacing: .02em; }
.topbar-links { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 18px; }
.topbar-links a, .topbar-links .linklike { color: #fff; opacity: .9; text-decoration: none; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; }
.topbar-links a:hover, .topbar-links .linklike:hover { opacity: 1; text-decoration: underline; }
.lang-switch { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; padding-right: 16px; border-right: 1px solid #444; }
.lang-switch .lang-current { font-weight: 700; }
.lang-switch a + .lang-current, .lang-switch .lang-current + a, .lang-switch a + a { margin-left: 2px; }

/* Chinese UI: no letter-spacing on CJK labels, slightly taller lines. */
:lang(zh) .eyebrow, :lang(zh) .facet h2, :lang(zh) .toc h2, :lang(zh) .side-nav h2,
:lang(zh) .footer-grid h2, :lang(zh) .metrics dt, :lang(zh) .history dt, :lang(zh) .table th { letter-spacing: .02em; }
:lang(zh) body { line-height: 1.65; }

.masthead { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); background: #fff; }
.masthead-inner { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 24px; padding-top: 16px; padding-bottom: 14px; }
.wordmark {
  font: 700 3.4rem/1 var(--serif); letter-spacing: -.045em; color: #000; text-decoration: none;
  display: inline-flex; align-items: baseline;
}
.wordmark::after {
  content: ""; width: .16em; height: .16em; margin-left: .05em; background: var(--accent); border-radius: 50%;
}
.wordmark:hover { text-decoration: none; }
.wordmark-light { color: #fff; font-size: 2.6rem; }

.header-search { margin-left: auto; display: flex; width: min(420px, 100%); }
.header-search input {
  flex: 1; min-width: 0; padding: 10px 14px; font: inherit; font-size: .9375rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--line-2); border-right: 0; border-radius: var(--radius) 0 0 var(--radius); background: #fff;
}
.header-search input:focus { outline: none; border-color: #000; }
.header-search button {
  border: 1px solid #000; background: #000; color: #fff; padding: 0 14px; cursor: pointer;
  border-radius: 0 var(--radius) var(--radius) 0;
}
.nav-toggle { display: none; background: none; border: 1px solid var(--line-2); border-radius: var(--radius); padding: 6px 8px; cursor: pointer; }

.primary-nav { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); background: #fff; position: relative; z-index: 20; }
.primary-nav-inner { display: flex; align-items: stretch; gap: 4px; }
.menu { position: relative; }
.menu > summary {
  list-style: none; cursor: pointer; padding: 12px 14px; font-weight: 600; font-size: .9375rem;
  display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; user-select: none; border-bottom: 3px solid transparent;
}
.menu > summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }
.menu:first-child > summary { padding-left: 0; }
.menu > summary:hover, .menu[open] > summary { border-bottom-color: #000; }
.menu[open] > summary .icon-chevron { transform: rotate(180deg); }
.menu-panel {
  position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 0; min-width: 260px; background: #fff;
  border: 1px solid var(--line); border-top: 3px solid #000; box-shadow: 0 12px 32px rgba(0, 0, 0, .12);
  padding: 10px 0;
}
.menu-panel ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.menu-panel a { display: block; padding: 8px 20px; color: var(--ink); }
.menu-panel a:hover { background: var(--bg-soft); text-decoration: none; }
.nav-right { margin-left: auto; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 20px; font-size: .875rem; }
.nav-right a { color: var(--ink); display: inline-flex; gap: 6px; align-items: center; }

/* --- Flash messages & notices ---------------------------------------------- */

.flash { padding: 12px 0; font-size: .9375rem; border-bottom: 1px solid; }
.flash-success { background: #edf7ef; border-color: #c5e3cc; color: #14532d; }
.flash-error { background: #fdeceb; border-color: #f5c6c2; color: #7f1d1d; }
.flash-warning { background: #fff6e0; border-color: #f1d79a; color: #6b4500; }
.flash-info { background: #eaf2fb; border-color: #c3d8f0; color: #0c3d6e; }
.notice { padding: 14px 18px; margin: 16px 0; border-left: 4px solid; background: var(--bg-soft); }
.notice p:last-child { margin: 0; }
.notice-warn { border-color: var(--warn); background: #fff8e6; }
.notice-bad { border-color: var(--bad); background: #fdeeed; }
.notice-info { border-color: var(--info); background: #eef5fc; }

/* --- Page structure -------------------------------------------------------- */

.page-head { padding: 36px 0 24px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); margin-bottom: 32px; }
.page-head h1 { margin-bottom: 12px; }
.page-head .lede { margin-bottom: 16px; }
.page-head-plain { border-bottom: 0; padding-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 8px; }
.breadcrumbs { font-size: .8125rem; color: var(--muted); padding: 14px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; }
.breadcrumbs a { color: var(--muted); }
.breadcrumbs span { color: var(--line-2); }

.section-head {
  display: flex; align-items: baseline; justify-content: space-between; gap: 16px;
  border-top: 4px solid #000; padding-top: 12px; margin: 48px 0 22px;
}
.section-head h2 { margin: 0; font-size: 1.6rem; }
.section-head a { font-size: .875rem; font-weight: 600; color: var(--ink); display: inline-flex; gap: 6px; align-items: center; white-space: nowrap; }

.with-sidebar { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 250px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 48px; align-items: start; }
.with-sidebar.sidebar-right { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 280px; }

.empty { padding: 32px; text-align: center; color: var(--muted); border: 1px dashed var(--line-2); border-radius: var(--radius); }
.empty p:last-child { margin: 0; }
.error-page { padding: 80px var(--gutter); max-width: 760px; }
.error-page .search-form { margin: 24px 0; }

/* --- Kicker (type / OA / date line) ---------------------------------------- */

.kicker { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; gap: 4px 12px; font-size: .8125rem; color: var(--muted); margin: 0 0 6px; }
.kicker-type { font-weight: 700; color: var(--ink-2); }
.kicker-oa { color: var(--oa); font-weight: 600; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 3px; }
.kicker-bad { color: var(--bad); font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: .75rem; }
.kicker-lg { font-size: .9375rem; }

/* --- Artwork containers ---------------------------------------------------- */

.art { display: block; overflow: hidden; background: #1b1b1b; aspect-ratio: 16 / 10; }
.art img { width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; transition: transform .4s ease; }
a.art:hover img { transform: scale(1.03); }
.art-wide { aspect-ratio: 16 / 9; }
.cover { display: block; aspect-ratio: 3 / 4; overflow: hidden; background: #222; box-shadow: 0 6px 18px rgba(0, 0, 0, .18); }
.cover img { width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; }
.cover-sm { width: 64px; flex: none; box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2); }
.cover-lg { width: 100%; max-width: 320px; }

/* --- Cards ----------------------------------------------------------------- */

.card-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 32px 28px; }
.card-grid-3 { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
.card-grid-2 { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
.card { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px; min-width: 0; }
.card-body { min-width: 0; }
.card-title { font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.25; margin: 0 0 8px; }
.card-title a { color: var(--ink); }
.card-standfirst { font-size: .9375rem; color: var(--ink-2); margin: 0 0 8px; }
.card-meta { font-size: .8125rem; color: var(--muted); margin: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 4px 10px; }

.card-side { flex-direction: row; align-items: flex-start; gap: 16px; padding-bottom: 18px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.card-side:last-child { border-bottom: 0; }
.card-side .card-visual { width: 40%; flex: none; aspect-ratio: 4 / 3; }
.card-side .card-title { font-size: 1.05rem; }

.card-row { flex-direction: row; align-items: flex-start; gap: 18px; padding: 18px 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.card-row .card-visual { width: 140px; flex: none; aspect-ratio: 4 / 3; }
.card-row .card-title { font-size: 1.1rem; }

.card-compact .card-visual { aspect-ratio: 21 / 9; }
.card-compact .card-title { font-size: 1.05rem; }

/* --- Home ------------------------------------------------------------------ */

.hero { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 2fr) minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 40px; padding: 32px 0 8px; }
.hero-lead { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 18px; }
.hero-title { font-size: 2.35rem; line-height: 1.12; margin: 0 0 12px; letter-spacing: -.015em; }
.hero-title a { color: var(--ink); }
.hero-standfirst { font: 1.15rem/1.5 var(--serif); color: var(--ink-2); margin-bottom: 10px; }
.hero-authors { font-size: .875rem; color: var(--muted); margin: 0; }
.hero-side { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 18px; }
.empty-hero { padding: 80px 0 40px; max-width: 720px; }

.home-columns { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 300px; gap: 48px; }
.news-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); column-gap: 32px; }
.home-rail { padding-top: 48px; }
.rail-block { border-top: 4px solid #000; padding-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 36px; }
.rail-title { font-size: 1.3rem; margin-bottom: 14px; }
.most-read { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; counter-reset: rank; }
.most-read li {
  counter-increment: rank; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 34px 1fr; grid-template-rows: auto auto;
  column-gap: 8px; padding: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); font-size: .8125rem;
}
.most-read li::before {
  content: counter(rank); grid-row: 1 / span 2; font: 700 1.6rem/1 var(--serif); color: var(--accent);
}
.most-read a { font: 600 1rem/1.3 var(--serif); color: var(--ink); }
.rail-cta { background: var(--bg-soft); padding: 18px; border-top-color: var(--accent); }
.rail-cta p { font-size: .9375rem; color: var(--ink-2); }
.rail-rss { display: inline-flex; gap: 6px; align-items: center; margin-top: 12px; font-size: .875rem; color: var(--ink); }

.issue-band { background: var(--bg-dark); color: #eee; margin-top: 56px; padding: 48px 0; }
.issue-band-inner { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 260px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 48px; align-items: start; }
.issue-band .eyebrow { color: #ff6b81; }
.issue-band h2 { color: #fff; font-size: 2rem; margin-bottom: 4px; }
.issue-band h2 a { color: #fff; }
.issue-band-date { color: #aaa; }
.issue-band-headline { font: 700 1.25rem/1.35 var(--serif); color: #fff; margin-bottom: 8px; }
.issue-band-story { color: #ccc; max-width: 720px; }
.issue-band-story p { margin-bottom: .6em; }
.issue-band-story a { color: #fff; text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 2px; }
.issue-band-list { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 18px 0 24px; border-top: 1px solid #333; }
.issue-band-list li { padding: 10px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #333; display: flex; gap: 14px; align-items: baseline; }
.issue-band-list .kicker-type { color: #aaa; font-size: .75rem; min-width: 110px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .05em; }
.issue-band-list a { color: #fff; font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 1.05rem; }

.subject-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(220px, 1fr)); gap: 24px; }
.subject-tile { border: 1px solid var(--line); padding: 18px 20px; border-radius: var(--radius); }
.subject-tile h3 { font-size: 1.1rem; }
.subject-tile h3 a { color: var(--ink); }
.subject-tile ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; font-size: .875rem; }
.subject-tile li { padding: 3px 0; }

.cta-band {
  display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; gap: 32px; flex-wrap: wrap;
  margin: 56px 0; padding: 36px 40px; background: var(--bg-soft); border-left: 6px solid var(--accent);
}
.cta-band h2 { font-size: 1.7rem; max-width: 640px; }
.cta-band p { margin: 0; color: var(--ink-2); max-width: 640px; }

/* --- Listings -------------------------------------------------------------- */

.item {
  display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 190px; gap: 24px;
  padding: 22px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}
.item-title { font-size: 1.3rem; line-height: 1.25; margin: 0 0 8px; }
.item-title a { color: var(--ink); }
.item-standfirst { color: var(--ink-2); margin: 0 0 8px; font-size: .9375rem; }
.item-authors { font-size: .875rem; color: var(--ink-2); margin: 0 0 4px; }
.item-source { font-size: .8125rem; color: var(--muted); margin: 0; }
.item-thumb { aspect-ratio: 4 / 3; align-self: start; border-radius: 2px; }
mark { background: #fff1a8; color: inherit; padding: 0 1px; }

.results-bar { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; gap: 16px; padding-bottom: 12px; border-bottom: 2px solid #000; }
.results-bar p { margin: 0; }
.sort-form { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; font-size: .875rem; }
.sort-form select { width: auto; padding: 6px 10px; }

.filters { position: sticky; top: 16px; }
.facet { margin-bottom: 28px; }
.facet h2 {
  font: 700 .75rem/1.4 var(--sans); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .08em;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line-2); padding-bottom: 8px; margin-bottom: 6px;
}
.facet ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.facet a { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; gap: 10px; padding: 6px 8px; color: var(--ink); border-radius: 2px; font-size: .9375rem; }
.facet a:hover { background: var(--bg-soft); text-decoration: none; }
.facet a.is-active { background: #000; color: #fff; }
.facet a.is-active .count { color: #ddd; }
.count { color: var(--muted); font-size: .8125rem; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; }

.search-form { display: flex; gap: 10px; max-width: 760px; }
.search-form input { flex: 1; font-size: 1.05rem; padding: 12px 14px; }

.tabs { display: flex; gap: 4px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; margin-top: 8px; }
.page-head:has(.tabs) { border-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; }
.tabs a {
  padding: 10px 14px; color: var(--ink); font-weight: 600; font-size: .9375rem; white-space: nowrap;
  border-bottom: 3px solid transparent; margin-bottom: -1px;
}
.tabs a:hover { text-decoration: none; border-bottom-color: var(--line-2); }
.tabs a.is-active { border-bottom-color: var(--accent); }
.tabs .count { background: var(--bg-soft); border-radius: 10px; padding: 1px 8px; margin-left: 4px; }

.pagination { display: flex; justify-content: center; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px; margin: 40px 0; }
.page-link { min-width: 40px; padding: 8px 12px; text-align: center; border: 1px solid var(--line-2); color: var(--ink); border-radius: var(--radius); }
.page-link:hover { border-color: #000; text-decoration: none; }
.page-link.is-current { background: #000; border-color: #000; color: #fff; }
.page-gap { padding: 8px 4px; color: var(--muted); }

.tags { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; margin: 12px 0; }
.tag { display: inline-block; padding: 4px 12px; border: 1px solid var(--line-2); border-radius: 20px; font-size: .8125rem; color: var(--ink); }
.tag:hover { border-color: #000; text-decoration: none; }
.tag-plain { background: var(--bg-soft); border-color: var(--bg-soft); }

/* --- Article page ---------------------------------------------------------- */

.article-layout { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 300px; gap: 64px; padding: 12px 0 64px; }
.article-main { max-width: 780px; min-width: 0; }
.article-title { font-size: 2.6rem; line-height: 1.12; letter-spacing: -.015em; margin: 10px 0 18px; }
.article-standfirst { font: 1.25rem/1.5 var(--serif); color: var(--ink-2); }
.article-title-original { font: 1.2rem/1.4 var(--serif); color: var(--muted); margin: -6px 0 18px; }
.item-original { font: .9375rem/1.4 var(--serif); color: var(--muted); margin: -4px 0 8px; }
.translation-note { font-size: .8125rem; color: var(--muted); margin: -4px 0 10px; }
.abstract-original { border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: var(--radius); padding: 0 16px; }
.abstract-original > summary { cursor: pointer; padding: 10px 0; font-weight: 600; font-size: .9375rem; }
.abstract-original[open] > summary { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); margin-bottom: 12px; }
.author-list { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 12px; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.8; }
.author-list li { display: inline; }
.author-list li:not(:last-child)::after { content: ", "; }
.author-list li:nth-last-child(2)::after { content: " & "; }
.author-list > li > a:first-child { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: var(--line-2); text-underline-offset: 3px; }
.author-list sup { font-size: .7em; color: var(--muted); margin-left: 1px; }
.author-list .orcid {
  display: inline-block; font: 700 9px/15px var(--sans); width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 50%;
  background: #a6ce39; color: #fff; text-align: center; margin-left: 3px; vertical-align: 2px; text-decoration: none;
}
.author-list .corr { color: var(--muted); margin-left: 3px; }
.author-list.is-collapsed li:nth-child(n+7):not(:last-child) { display: none; }
.author-list.is-collapsed li:nth-child(6)::after { content: ", … "; }
.show-authors { font-size: .875rem; margin-bottom: 12px; }
.article-source { font-size: .9375rem; color: var(--ink-2); }
.metrics { display: flex; gap: 32px; margin: 18px 0 0; padding: 14px 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.metrics div { display: flex; flex-direction: column-reverse; }
.metrics dt { font-size: .75rem; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .06em; color: var(--muted); }
.metrics dd { margin: 0; font: 700 1.35rem/1.2 var(--serif); }
.article-hero { margin: 28px 0 0; }
.article-hero figcaption { font-size: .875rem; color: var(--muted); padding-top: 8px; }

.article-section { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); padding-top: 26px; margin-top: 44px; }
.article-section > h2 { font-size: 1.65rem; }
.article-section > h3, .article-section .cite-box h3 { font: 700 1rem/1.4 var(--sans); margin: 22px 0 8px; }

.prose { font: 1.125rem/1.7 var(--serif); color: #1d1d1d; }
.prose p { margin: 0 0 1.1em; }
.prose h2 { font-size: 1.65rem; margin: 2.2em 0 .7em; padding-top: 26px; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.prose h3 { font: 700 1.15rem/1.4 var(--sans); margin: 1.8em 0 .6em; }
.prose ul, .prose ol { padding-left: 1.4em; margin: 0 0 1.1em; }
.prose li { margin-bottom: .35em; }
.prose blockquote { margin: 1.5em 0; padding: .2em 0 .2em 1.2em; border-left: 4px solid var(--accent); color: var(--ink-2); font-style: italic; }
.prose table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font: .9375rem/1.5 var(--sans); margin: 1.5em 0; display: block; overflow-x: auto; }
.prose th, .prose td { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); padding: 8px 10px; text-align: left; }
.prose th { border-bottom: 2px solid #000; }
.prose sup.cite { font: 600 .65em/1 var(--sans); }
.prose sup.cite a { color: var(--link); }
.prose .footnote { font-size: .9375rem; }
.article-body > h2:first-child { margin-top: 44px; }
.abstract { font-size: 1.1875rem; }

.figure { margin: 36px 0; border: 1px solid var(--line); background: #fff; }
.figure-visual { padding: 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.figure-visual img { width: 100%; }
.figure figcaption { padding: 14px 18px 16px; font: .9375rem/1.55 var(--sans); background: var(--bg-soft); }
.figure-title { margin: 0 0 6px; }
.figure-caption p { margin: 0 0 .6em; }
.figure-links { margin: 6px 0 0; font-size: .8125rem; }
.figure-links a { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 4px; font-weight: 600; }

.references { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; }
.references li { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 36px minmax(0, 1fr); padding: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); font-size: .9375rem; }
.references li:target { background: #fff8d6; }
.references p { margin: 0; }
.ref-num { color: var(--muted); font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; }
.ref-links { display: flex; gap: 16px; margin-top: 4px !important; font-size: .8125rem; font-weight: 600; }

.affiliations { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; counter-reset: aff; }
.affiliations li { counter-increment: aff; padding: 8px 0 8px 30px; position: relative; font-size: .9375rem; }
.affiliations li::before { content: counter(aff); position: absolute; left: 0; top: 8px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--muted); }
.aff-name { font-weight: 600; margin: 0; }
.aff-authors { color: var(--ink-2); margin: 0; }

.cite-box { background: var(--bg-soft); padding: 18px 20px; margin: 16px 0; }
.cite-box h3 { margin-top: 0 !important; }
.cite-box p { font-size: .9375rem; }
.history { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(150px, 1fr)); gap: 16px; margin: 20px 0; }
.history dt { font-size: .75rem; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .06em; color: var(--muted); }
.history dd { margin: 2px 0 0; font-weight: 600; font-size: .9375rem; }
.history-doi { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
.history-doi dd { word-break: break-all; }
.share-box { border: 1px solid var(--line); padding: 16px 18px; margin: 20px 0; }
.share-box h3 { margin: 0 0 4px !important; }

.article-aside { min-width: 0; }
.aside-sticky { position: sticky; top: 16px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 24px; }
.aside-actions { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; }
.aside-row { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); gap: 8px; }
.aside-row form { display: contents; }
.aside-row .btn { padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; }
.toc { border-top: 4px solid #000; padding-top: 10px; }
.toc h2 { font: 700 .75rem/1.4 var(--sans); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .08em; margin-bottom: 8px; }
.toc ol { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; max-height: 60vh; overflow-y: auto; }
.toc a { display: block; padding: 6px 0 6px 12px; border-left: 3px solid var(--line); color: var(--ink-2); font-size: .9375rem; }
.toc a:hover { border-left-color: var(--line-2); text-decoration: none; color: var(--ink); }
.toc a.is-active { border-left-color: var(--accent); color: var(--ink); font-weight: 600; }
.aside-issue { display: flex; gap: 14px; align-items: center; color: var(--ink); font-size: .875rem; padding: 14px; background: var(--bg-soft); }
.aside-issue:hover { text-decoration: none; background: #ecebe5; }

.modal { border: 0; padding: 0; width: min(640px, calc(100% - 32px)); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: 0 24px 64px rgba(0, 0, 0, .3); }
.modal::backdrop { background: rgba(0, 0, 0, .55); }
.modal-head { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; padding: 16px 20px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.modal-head h2 { margin: 0; font-size: 1.3rem; }
.modal-body { padding: 20px; }
.cite-text { font-size: .9375rem; background: var(--bg-soft); padding: 14px; }

/* --- Issues & subjects ----------------------------------------------------- */

.issue-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(160px, 1fr)); gap: 28px 24px; }
.issue-tile { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; color: var(--ink); font-size: .875rem; }
.issue-tile:hover { text-decoration: none; }
.issue-tile:hover .cover { box-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(0, 0, 0, .28); }
.issue-tile-label b { display: block; font-size: .9375rem; }
.issue-tile-title { color: var(--muted); }
.issue-head { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 300px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 48px; padding: 16px 0 24px; }
.issue-head h1 { font-size: 2.2rem; }
.issue-cover-label { font: 700 .8125rem/1.4 var(--sans); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .08em; margin-top: 20px; }
.issue-nav { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; margin-top: 24px; }
.issue-sections { margin-top: 16px; }

.subject-columns { columns: 3 300px; column-gap: 48px; }
.subject-group { break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 36px; border-top: 4px solid #000; padding-top: 12px; }
.subject-group h2 a { color: var(--ink); }
.subject-group p { color: var(--ink-2); font-size: .9375rem; }
.subject-group ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.subject-group li { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; padding: 7px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }

.side-nav { position: sticky; top: 16px; border-top: 4px solid #000; padding-top: 12px; }
.side-nav h2 { font: 700 .75rem/1.4 var(--sans); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .08em; }
.side-nav ul { list-style: none; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 0; }
.side-nav ul a { display: block; padding: 8px 0 8px 12px; border-left: 3px solid var(--line); color: var(--ink-2); }
.side-nav ul a.is-active { border-left-color: var(--accent); color: var(--ink); font-weight: 600; }
.info-page .prose { max-width: 760px; }

.board-section { margin-bottom: 40px; }
.board-section h2 { border-top: 4px solid #000; padding-top: 12px; }
.board-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(320px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; }
.board-card { display: flex; gap: 16px; padding: 18px; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: var(--radius); }
.board-card h3 { font-size: 1.1rem; margin-bottom: 4px; }
.board-affil { font-size: .875rem; color: var(--ink-2); margin-bottom: 6px; }
.board-bio { font-size: .875rem; color: var(--muted); margin: 0; }
.avatar {
  flex: none; width: 56px; height: 56px; border-radius: 50%; background: #1d2b44; color: #fff;
  display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font: 700 1.1rem var(--serif); object-fit: cover;
}

/* --- Forms ----------------------------------------------------------------- */

.form { max-width: 780px; }
.form-section { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); padding-top: 24px; margin-top: 32px; }
.form-section > h2 { font-size: 1.35rem; }
.form-section > p { color: var(--ink-2); }
.field { margin-bottom: 22px; }
.field > label, .field legend { display: block; font-weight: 600; font-size: .9375rem; margin-bottom: 6px; padding: 0; }
.field fieldset { border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; min-width: 0; }
.is-required > label::after, .is-required legend::after { content: " *"; color: var(--accent); }
.field .help { font-size: .8125rem; color: var(--muted); margin-top: 6px; }
.errorlist { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 6px 0 0; color: var(--bad); font-size: .875rem; font-weight: 600; }
.form-errors .errorlist, .errorlist.nonform { padding: 12px 14px; background: #fdeceb; border-left: 4px solid var(--bad); margin-bottom: 20px; }
.has-error input, .has-error select, .has-error textarea { border-color: var(--bad); }

input[type=text], input[type=email], input[type=password], input[type=search], input[type=url],
input[type=date], input[type=number], input[type=file], select, textarea {
  width: 100%; font: inherit; font-size: 1rem; padding: 10px 12px; color: var(--ink);
  border: 1px solid #8f8f8f; border-radius: var(--radius); background: #fff;
}
input[type=file] { padding: 8px; background: var(--bg-soft); }
textarea { line-height: 1.55; resize: vertical; }
input:focus, select:focus, textarea:focus { outline: 2px solid var(--link); outline-offset: 0; border-color: var(--link); }
.check { display: flex; gap: 10px; align-items: flex-start; font-weight: 400 !important; cursor: pointer; }
.check input { margin-top: 4px; width: 16px; height: 16px; flex: none; }
.choices > div { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(230px, 1fr)); gap: 6px 16px; }
.choices label { display: flex; gap: 8px; align-items: flex-start; font-size: .9375rem; cursor: pointer; }
.choices input { margin-top: 4px; flex: none; }
.choices-inline > div { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px 22px; }
.form-actions { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; align-items: center; margin-top: 28px; padding-top: 20px; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.word-count { font-size: .8125rem; color: var(--muted); margin-top: 4px; text-align: right; }
.word-count.is-over { color: var(--bad); font-weight: 600; }

.auth-card { max-width: 460px; margin: 48px auto 72px; padding: 36px; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-top: 4px solid #000; }
.auth-card h1 { font-size: 2rem; }
.auth-card-wide { max-width: 640px; }
.auth-card .form-actions { border-top: 0; padding-top: 0; }
.auth-alt { font-size: .9375rem; margin-top: 18px; color: var(--ink-2); }

.formset-row { border: 1px solid var(--line); padding: 18px 18px 4px; margin-bottom: 14px; border-radius: var(--radius); background: #fff; }
.formset-row-head { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 12px; }
.formset-row-head h3 { font: 700 .9375rem/1.4 var(--sans); margin: 0; }
.formset-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 0 18px; }
.formset-grid .field-wide { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
.formset-row .field-checkbox { margin-bottom: 14px; }

/* --- Dashboards & workflow ------------------------------------------------- */

.dash-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(320px, 1fr)); gap: 24px; margin-bottom: 48px; }
.panel { border: 1px solid var(--line); border-top: 4px solid #000; padding: 18px 20px; background: #fff; min-width: 0; }
.panel > h2 { font-size: 1.25rem; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: baseline; gap: 12px; }
.panel > h2 a { font: 600 .8125rem var(--sans); }
.panel-accent { border-top-color: var(--accent); }
.panel + .panel { margin-top: 24px; }
.panel-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.panel-list li { padding: 10px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); font-size: .9375rem; }
.panel-list li:last-child { border-bottom: 0; }
.panel-list .meta { display: block; font-size: .8125rem; color: var(--muted); margin-top: 2px; }

.stats { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(150px, 1fr)); gap: 14px; margin: 0 0 28px; }
.stat { border: 1px solid var(--line); padding: 14px 16px; color: var(--ink); }
a.stat:hover { border-color: #000; text-decoration: none; }
.stat strong { display: block; font: 700 2rem/1.1 var(--serif); }
.stat span { font-size: .8125rem; color: var(--muted); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .05em; }

.status {
  display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 20px; font-size: .75rem; font-weight: 700;
  white-space: nowrap; border: 1px solid;
}
.tone-neutral { color: #555; background: #f2f2f2; border-color: #ddd; }
.tone-info { color: var(--info); background: #eaf2fb; border-color: #c3d8f0; }
.tone-progress { color: var(--progress); background: #f1edfb; border-color: #d8cdf3; }
.tone-warn { color: var(--warn); background: #fff6e0; border-color: #f1d79a; }
.tone-good { color: var(--good); background: #edf7ef; border-color: #c5e3cc; }
.tone-bad { color: var(--bad); background: #fdeceb; border-color: #f5c6c2; }

.table-scroll { overflow-x: auto; }
.table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: .9rem; }
.table th {
  text-align: left; font-size: .7rem; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .07em; color: var(--muted);
  border-bottom: 2px solid #000; padding: 10px 10px; white-space: nowrap;
}
.table td { padding: 12px 10px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); vertical-align: top; }
.table tr:hover td { background: #fafaf8; }
.table .title-cell { min-width: 280px; }
.table .title-cell a { font-weight: 600; color: var(--ink); }
.nowrap { white-space: nowrap; }
.overdue { color: var(--bad); font-weight: 600; }

.toolbar { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; margin: 16px 0; }
.toolbar form { display: flex; gap: 8px; align-items: center; }
.toolbar input[type=search] { width: 280px; padding: 7px 10px; }

.timeline { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 20px; border-left: 2px solid var(--line); }
.timeline li { position: relative; padding: 0 0 16px; font-size: .9375rem; }
.timeline li::before {
  content: ""; position: absolute; left: -27px; top: 5px; width: 12px; height: 12px; border-radius: 50%;
  background: #fff; border: 2px solid var(--accent);
}
.timeline li.is-private::before { border-color: var(--line-2); }
.timeline time { display: block; font-size: .8125rem; color: var(--muted); }

.ms-layout { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 360px; gap: 40px; align-items: start; padding-bottom: 64px; }
.ms-head { padding: 24px 0 20px; }
.ms-head h1 { font-size: 2rem; margin: 10px 0; }
.ms-meta { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px 22px; font-size: .875rem; color: var(--ink-2); margin: 0; }
.ms-meta dt { display: inline; color: var(--muted); }
.ms-meta dd { display: inline; margin: 0 0 0 4px; font-weight: 600; }
.letter { white-space: pre-wrap; font: 1rem/1.65 var(--serif); background: var(--bg-soft); padding: 18px 20px; margin: 12px 0; }
.report { border: 1px solid var(--line); padding: 16px 18px; margin: 14px 0; }
.report-head { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-between; gap: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; }
.report-head h3, .report-head h4 { margin: 0; font: 700 1rem var(--sans); }
.report-body { white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: .9375rem; line-height: 1.6; }
.report-confidential { background: #fff8e6; border-left: 3px solid var(--warn); padding: 10px 12px; margin-top: 10px; font-size: .875rem; white-space: pre-wrap; }
.scores { display: flex; gap: 16px; font-size: .8125rem; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 8px; }
.scores b { color: var(--ink); }
.file-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.file-list li { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px 10px; align-items: center; padding: 8px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); font-size: .9rem; }
.file-list a { min-width: 0; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
.file-list .meta { margin-left: auto; color: var(--muted); font-size: .8125rem; white-space: nowrap; }
.action-form + .action-form { margin-top: 18px; padding-top: 18px; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.action-form .field { margin-bottom: 14px; }
.step-list { counter-reset: step; list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 24px 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(210px, 1fr)); gap: 18px; }
.step-list li { counter-increment: step; border-top: 3px solid #000; padding-top: 12px; }
.step-list li::before { content: counter(step); font: 700 1.8rem/1 var(--serif); color: var(--accent); display: block; margin-bottom: 8px; }
.step-list h3 { font: 700 1rem var(--sans); }
.step-list p { font-size: .9375rem; color: var(--ink-2); margin: 0; }

/* --- Footer ---------------------------------------------------------------- */

.site-footer { background: #1a1a1a; color: #bbb; margin-top: 64px; font-size: .9rem; }
.site-footer .wrap { padding-top: 48px; padding-bottom: 32px; }
.footer-brand { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px 32px; align-items: flex-end; border-bottom: 1px solid #333; padding-bottom: 24px; margin-bottom: 32px; }
.footer-brand p { margin: 0; max-width: 560px; color: #999; }
.footer-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 32px; }
.footer-grid h2 { font: 700 .75rem/1.4 var(--sans); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .1em; color: #fff; margin-bottom: 14px; }
.footer-grid ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.footer-grid li { padding: 4px 0; }
.site-footer a { color: #ddd; }
.footer-issn { margin-top: 14px; font-size: .8125rem; color: #888; }
.footer-bottom { border-top: 1px solid #333; }
.footer-bottom .wrap { padding-top: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px; }
.footer-bottom-inner { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; font-size: .8125rem; }
.footer-bottom nav { display: flex; gap: 20px; }

/* --- Responsive ------------------------------------------------------------ */

@media (max-width: 1100px) {
  .card-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
  .article-layout { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 260px; gap: 40px; }
  .home-columns { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 260px; gap: 32px; }
  .news-grid { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
  .ms-layout { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 320px; }
}

@media (max-width: 900px) {
  :root { --gutter: 16px; }
  h1 { font-size: 2rem; }
  .topbar-publisher { display: none; }
  .topbar-inner { justify-content: flex-end; }
  .topbar-links { gap: 14px; overflow-x: auto; }
  .masthead-inner { flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; }
  .wordmark { font-size: 2.6rem; }
  .nav-toggle { display: inline-flex; margin-left: auto; }
  .header-search { order: 3; width: 100%; margin-left: 0; }
  .primary-nav { display: none; }
  .primary-nav.is-open { display: block; }
  .primary-nav-inner { flex-direction: column; gap: 0; padding-bottom: 12px; }
  .menu > summary, .menu:first-child > summary { padding: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); justify-content: space-between; }
  .menu-panel { position: static; border: 0; box-shadow: none; padding: 4px 0 8px; min-width: 0; }
  .menu-panel a { padding: 8px 12px; }
  .nav-right { margin: 12px 0 0; flex-wrap: wrap; }

  .hero, .home-columns, .issue-band-inner, .article-layout, .with-sidebar, .with-sidebar.sidebar-right,
  .issue-head, .ms-layout { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
  .hero { gap: 28px; }
  .hero-title { font-size: 1.85rem; }
  .home-rail { padding-top: 0; }
  .issue-band-cover { max-width: 220px; }
  .issue-head .cover-lg { max-width: 240px; }
  .card-grid, .card-grid-3 { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
  .news-grid { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
  .filters, .side-nav { position: static; }
  .article-title { font-size: 2rem; }
  .article-aside { order: -1; }
  .aside-sticky { position: static; }
  .toc { display: none; }
  .aside-issue { display: none; }
  .footer-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
  .cta-band { padding: 24px; }
  .item { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 120px; gap: 16px; }
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .card-grid, .card-grid-3, .card-grid-2 { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
  .card-side .card-visual, .card-row .card-visual { width: 110px; }
  .item { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
  .item-thumb { display: none; }
  .formset-grid { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
  .results-bar { flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; }
  .search-form { flex-direction: column; }
  .footer-grid { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
  .metrics { gap: 20px; }
  .auth-card { padding: 24px 18px; margin-top: 24px; }
  .toolbar input[type=search] { width: 100%; }
}

/* --- Print ----------------------------------------------------------------- */

@media print {
  .site-header, .site-footer, .article-aside, .breadcrumbs, .flash-stack, .related, .share-box,
  .cite-box .row, .figure-links, .ref-links, dialog { display: none !important; }
  .article-layout { display: block; }
  .article-main { max-width: none; }
  body { font-size: 11pt; }
  .prose { font-size: 11pt; }
  a { color: #000; }
  .figure { break-inside: avoid; }
}